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Индоевропейские корни на *dh (Уоткинс)

Источник: Calvert Watkins, The American Heritage® Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2000.

Всего на *dh- представлено 20 корней из словаря Кальверта Уоткинса (Калверта Воткинса).

*dh-

To set, put. Contracted from *dhe1-.

Derivatives include deed, doom, fashion, defeat, feckless, sacrifice, satisfy, face, and synthesis.

(I) Basic form *dh-.1.

Suffixed form *dh-ti-, “thing laid down or done, law, deed.” deed; indeed, from Old English dd, doing, deed, from Germanic *ddiz.2.

Suffixed form *dh-k-. theca, tick3; amphithecium, apothecary, apothecium, bibliotheca, bodega, boutique, cleistothecium, endothecium, perithecium, from Greek thk, receptacle. 3. Basic form *dh-. bard2, purdah, from Old Persian d-, to place. 4.

Suffixed form *dh-to-, set down, created, in Old Iranian compound *khvat-dta- (see s(w)e-).

(II) O-grade form *dh-.

1. do1; fordo, from Old English dn, to do, from Germanic *dn.

2. Suffixed o-grade form *dh-men-. abdomen, from Latin abdmen, belly, abdomen, perhaps “part placed away, concealed part” (ab-, away; see apo).

3. Suffixed o-grade form *dh-mo-. a. doom, from Old English dm, judgment (< “thing set or put down”); b.–dom, from Old English -dm, abstract suffix indicating state, condition, or power; c. Old Norse -dmr, condition, in compound hrdmr (see k-); d. Duma, dumka, from Russian Duma, Duma, from a Germanic source akin to Gothic dms, judgment; e. deem, from Old English dman, to judge, from Germanic denominative dmjan.a–e all from Germanic dmaz.

4. Suffixed o-grade form *dh-t- in compound *sakro-dht- (see sak-).

(III) Zero-grade form *dh-..

1a. Prefixed form *kom-dh-. abscond, incondite, recondite, sconce2, from Latin condere, to put together, establish, preserve (*kom, together; see kom); b. prefixed and suffixed form *kom-dh()-yo-. condiment, salmagundi, from Latin condre, to season, flavor; c. compound *kred-dh- (see kerd-); d. compound suffixed form *gw-dh()-o- (see gwer-2).

2. Suffixed zero-grade form dh-k-.a. –facient, fact, faction1, –faction, factitious, factitive, factor, factory, faena, fashion, feasible, feat1, feature, fetish, –fic, –fy, hacienda; affair, affect1, affect2, affection, amplify, artifact, artifice, beatific, benefaction, benefic, benefice, beneficence, benefit, chafe, comfit, confect, confetti, counterfeit, defeasance, defeat, defect, deficient, discomfit, edifice, edify, effect, efficacious, efficient, facsimile, factotum, feckless, forfeit, infect, justify, malefactor, malfeasance, manufacture, misfeasance, modify, mollify, nidify, notify, nullify, officinal, orifice, perfect, petrify, pluperfect, pontifex, prefect, proficient, profit, putrefy, qualify, rarefy, rectify, refect, refectory, rubefacient, sacrifice, satisfy, spinifex, suffice, sufficient, surfeit, tubifex, tumefacient, vivify, from Latin facere (< *fak-yo-), to do, make, and Latin combining form -fex (< *-fak-s), “maker”; b. façade, face, facet, facial, facies; deface, efface, surface, from Latin derivative facis, shape, face (< “form imposed on something”); c. office, from Latin compound officium (< *opi-fici-om), service, duty, business, performance of work (*opi-, work; see op-); d. further suffixed form *dh-k-li-. facile, facilitate, faculty, difficulty, from Latin facilis (< Archaic Latin facul), feasible, easy.

3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dh-s- (probably identical with zero-grade of dhs-). nefarious, from Latin fs, divine law, right.

4. multifarious, omnifarious, from Latin -friam, adverbial suffix, as in bifriam, in two places, parts, double, from *dwi-dh()-, “making two” (*dwi-, two; see dwo-).

5. Reduplicated form *dhi-dh-. thesis, thetic; anathema, antithesis, diathesis, epenthesis, epithet, hypothecate, hypothesis, metathesis, parenthesis, prosthesis, prothesis, synthesis, from Greek tithenai, to put, with zero-grade noun thesis (*dh-ti-), a placing, and verbal adjective thetos (*dh-to-), placed.

6. Suffixed zero-grade form *dh-m. thematic, theme, from Greek thema, “thing placed,” proposition.

7. Reduplicated form *dhe-dh-. samhita, sandhi, from Sanskrit dadhti, he places (past participle -hita-, from suffixed zero-grade *dh-to-).

8. Reduced form *dh- in compound *au-dh- (see au-).

(Pokorny 2. dh- 235.)

*dhegwh-

To burn, warm.

1. Suffixed o-grade (causative) form *dhogwh-eyo-. foment, fomite, from Latin fov, to warm, cherish, foment.

2. Suffixed basic form dhegwh-r-. tephra, from Greek tephr, ash.

(Pokorny dhegh- 240.)

*dh(i)-

To suck. Contracted from *dhe1(i)-.

Derivatives include female, fawn2, fetus, fennel, and affiliate..

1. Suffixed reduced form *dh-mn-. female, feme, feminine; effeminate, from Latin fmina, woman (< “she who suckles”).

2. Suffixed reduced form *dh-to-. fawn2, fetal, fetus; effete, feticide, superfetate, from Latin ftus, pregnancy, childbearing, offspring, with adjective ftus, fta, pregnant.

3. Suffixed reduced form *dh-kwondo-. fecund, from Latin fcundus, fruitful.

4. Suffixed reduced form *dh-no-. fennel, finochio; fenugreek, sainfoin, from Latin fnum, faenum, hay (< “produce”).

5. Probably suffixed zero-grade form *dh-lyo- (< *dhi-lyo-). filial, filiate, fils1; affiliate, hidalgo, from Latin flius, son, and flia, daughter (but these are conceivably from the root bheu-).

6. Suffixed reduced form *dh-lo-. fellatio, from Latin flre, fellre, to suck.

7. Suffixed reduced form *dh-l-k-. felicitate, felicity; felicific, infelicity, from Latin flx, fruitful, fertile, lucky, happy.

8. Suffixed reduced form *dh-l-. endothelium, epithelium, mesothelium, from Greek thl, nipple.

9. Suffixed reduced form *dh-l-u-. theelin, from Greek thlus, female.

(Pokorny dh(i)- 241.)

*dheigh-

To form, build.

Oldest form *dheih-,becoming *dheigh- in centum languages.

Derivatives include dairy, lady, dough, and paradise..

1.dairy, from Old English dge, bread kneader, from Germanic *daigjn-.

2. lady, from Old English compound hlfdige, mistress of a household (< “bread kneader”; hlf, bread, loaf), from Germanic *dg-.

3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o-.a. dough, from Old English dg, dough; b. teiglach, from Old High German teic, dough. Both a and b from Germanic *daigaz.

4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhigh-r-. figure, figurine; configure, disfigure, prefigure, transfigure, from Latin figra, form, shape (< “result of kneading”).

5. Nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-gh-. fainéant, faint, feign, feint, fictile, fiction, figment; effigy, from Latin fingere, to shape.

6. Probable nasalized zero-grade form *dhi-n-g(h)-. thigmotaxis, thixotropy, from Greek thinganein, to touch.

7. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoigh-o-. paradise, from Avestan daza-, wall (originally made of clay or mud bricks).

(Pokorny dheih- 244.)

*dher-

To hold firmly, support.

Derivatives include infirmary and throne..

1. Suffixed form *dher-mo-. farm, fermata, firm1, firm2, firmament; affirm, confirm, furl, infirm, infirmary, from Latin firmus, firm, strong.

2. Perhaps extended form *dhergh-, seen by some as the source of Latin fortis, strong, but this is more likely from bhergh-2.

3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhr-ono-. throne, from Greek thronos, seat, throne (< “support”).

4. Suffixed form *dher-m. dharma, from Sanskrit dharma, statute, law (< “that which is established firmly”).

5. Suffixed form *dher-eno-. dharna, from Prakrit dharaa, a holding firm.

6. Suffixed o-grade form *dhor-o-. sirdar, tahsildar, zamindar, from Iranian dra-, holding, whence Persian -dr.

(Pokorny 2. dher- 252.)

*dhers-

To venture, be bold. O-grade form *dhors- and zero-grade form *dhs-. dare, durst, from Old English dearr and durst, first and third person singular present and past indicative of durran, to venture, respectively from Germanic *dors- and *durs-.

(Pokorny dhers- 259.)

*dhs-

Root of words in religious concepts. Contracted from *dhe1s-. Possibly an extension of dh-.

Derivatives include feast, fanatic, atheism, and enthusiasm..

1. Suffixed form *dhs-y-. fair2, feria, from Latin friae (< Archaic Latin fsiae), holidays.

2. Suffixed form *dhs-to-. feast, –fest, festal, festival, festive, festoon, fete, fiesta; Oktoberfest, from Latin fstus, festive.

3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhs-no-. fanatic; profane, from Latin fnum, temple.

4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhs-o-. theo-; apotheosis, atheism, enthusiasm, henotheism, pantheon, polytheism, tiffany, from Greek theos (< *thes-os), god.

(Pokorny dhs-259.)

*dheu-¹

To flow. a. dew, from Old English daw, dew; b. sundew, from Middle Dutch dau, dew; c. Germanic compound *melith-dauwaz (see melit-). a–c all from Germanic *dauwaz, dew.

(Pokorny 1. dheu- 259.)

*dheu-²

To die. Also dheu- (oldest form *dheu2-).

1. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-to-. dead, from Old English dad, dead, from Germanic *daudaz.

2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-tu-. death, from Old English dath, death, from Germanic *dauthuz.

3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhow-yo-. die1, from Old Norse deyja, to die.

4. Extended zero-grade form *dhui-,metathesized to *dhwi-, contracted to *dhw-, whence suffixed form *dhw-no-. dwindle, from Old English dwnan, to diminish, languish, from Germanic *dwnan.

(Pokorny 2. dheu- 260.) Compare dheu-.

*dheub-

Also dheubh-. Deep, hollow.

1. deep, depth, from Old English dop, deep, from Germanic *deupaz.

2. dip, from Old English dyppan, to immerse, dip, from Germanic expressive denominative *duppjan.

3. Parallel root form *dheubh-. dive, from Old English dfan, to dip, and dfan, to sink, dive, from Germanic verb *dbjan, from *deub-, *dub-.

4. Suffixed parallel root form *dhbh-(o)n-, with expressive variants. python, Python, Typhon, from Greek Pthn and Tuphn, mythical monsters, from *dhub(h)-n- and *b(h)ud(h)-n-, which already in Indo-European were doublets by inversion, referring to “bottom,” “foundation,” “depths,” and the mythological monsters that inhabited them.

(Pokorny dheu-b- 267.)

*dheu-

To close, finish, come full circle.

Oldest form *dheu2-. Probably related to dheu-2, “to die..

1. Suffixed zero-grade form *dh-no- (< *dhu-no-), enclosed, fortified place; hill-fort. a. (i) down1, down3, from Old English dn, hill; (ii) dune, from Middle Dutch dne, sandy hill. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *dnaz, possibly from *dh-no-;b. town, from Old English tn, enclosed place, homestead, village, from Germanic *tnaz, fortified place, borrowed from Celtic *d-no-, hill, stronghold.

2. Suffixed form *dh-nes- (< *dhu-nes-). funeral, from Latin fnus, funeral.

(In Pokorny 4. dheu- 261.)

*dheugh-

To produce something of utility.

1. doughty, from Old English dyhtig, dohtig, strong (< “productive”), from Germanic extended form *duht-.

2. Suffixed form *dheugh-os-. Heptateuch, Hexateuch, Pentateuch, from Greek teukhos (< *theukhos), gear, anything produced, tool, container, scroll.

(Pokorny dheugh- 271.)

*dhghem-

Earth.

Oldest form *dhhem-,becoming *dhghem- in centum languages.

Derivatives include bridegroom, chameleon, and homicide..

1. Suffixed zero-grade form *(dh)gh-on-, “earthling.” bridegroom, from Old English guma, man, from Germanic *gumn-.

2. O-grade form *dh(e)ghom-. chthonic; autochthon, from Greek khthn, earth.

3. Zero-grade form *dhgh-. chamaephyte, chameleon, chamomile, germander, from Greek khamai, on the ground.

4. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-o-. humble, humiliate, humility, humus1, omerta; exhume, inhume, transhumance, from Latin humus, earth.

5. Suffixed o-grade form *(dh)ghom-on-, “earthling.” a. homage, hombre1, hominid, homo1, homunculus, ombre; bonhomie, homicide, from Latin hom, human being, man; b. human, humane, from Latin hmnus, human, kind, humane (in part from dhghem-).

6. Suffixed form *(dh)ghem-y-. chernozem, sierozem, zemstvo, from Old Russian zem, land, earth.

7. Full-grade form *(dh)ghem-. zamindar, from Persian zamn, earth, land.

(Pokorny hem- 414.)

*dhgh(y)es-

Yesterday.

Oldest form *dhh(y)es-, becoming *dhgh(y)es- in centum languages.

Suffixed (comparative) form *(dh)ghes-ter-.yester-, yesterday, from Old English geostran, giestran, “yester-,” from Germanic *ges-ter-.

(Pokorny hés 416.)

*dhgw-

To stick, fix..

1a.dike1, ditch, from Old English dc, trench, moat; b. dig, from Middle English diggen, to dig, from a source perhaps akin to Old French digue, trench. Both a and b from Germanic *dk-.

2. fibula, fichu, finca, fishgig, fix, fixate, fixity, fixture; affix, antefix, crucify, infibulate, infix, microfiche, prefix, suffix, transfix, from Latin fgere, to fasten, fix, and from fbula, clasp (shortened from *fvibula, from fvere, archaic variant of fgere).

(Pokorny dhig- 243.)

*dhreg-

To draw, glide.

Oldest form *dhre-,becoming *dhreg- in centum languages.

1. drink, from Old English drincan, to drink, from nasalized Germanic form *drenkan, to draw into the mouth, drink.

2. drench, from Old English drencan, to soak, from nasalized o-grade Germanic causative form *drankjan, “to cause to drink.” 3. drown, from a Scandinavian or late Old English source similar to Old Norse drukkna, to drown, from Germanic zero-grade suffixed form *drunk-nn.

(Pokorny dhre- 273.)

*dhreibh-

To drive, push; snow.

1. drive, drove2, from Old English drfan, to drive, rush, from Germanic *drban.

2. drift, from Middle English drift, drove, herd, akin to Old Norse drift, snowdrift, and Middle Dutch drift, herd, from Germanic zero-grade suffixed form *driftiz.

(Pokorny dhreibh- 274.)

*dhreu-

To fall, flow, drip, droop.

Derivatives include dreary and drowse..

1. Extended form *dhreus-. drizzle, from Old English -drysnian (in gedrysnian, to pass away, vanish), from zero-grade Germanic derived verb *drus-inn.

2. Extended o-grade form *dhrous-. a. dreary, from Old English dror, flowing blood, from Germanic *drauzaz;b. drowse, from Old English drsian, to be sluggish, from Germanic *drsjan.

3. Extended zero-grade form *dhrub-. a. drop, from Old English dropa, drop, from Germanic *drupan;b. droop, from Old Norse drpa, to hang down, from Germanic *drpn, to let fall; c. drip, from Middle English drippen, to drip, drop, from an unattested Old English *dryppan or another source akin to Old English droppa, drop, from Germanic geminated *drupp-;d. Germanic *drup-, to drip, in compound *obisdrup- (see upo-).

4. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhrubh-yo-. lithotripter, lithotrity, from Greek thruptein, to crumble.

(Pokorny dhreu-274.)

*dhugter-

Daughter.

Oldest form *dhug2ter-. daughter, from Old English dohtor, daughter, from Germanic *dohtr.

(Pokorny dhug(h)ter- 277.)

*dhwer-

Door, doorway (usually in plural). Originally an ablauting noun *dhwor, *dhur-, in the plural, designating the entrance to the enclosure (*dhwor-o-)surrounding the house proper.

Derivatives include forest and foreign..

1. Zero-grade form *dhur- in suffixed forms *dhur-s (accusative plural) and *dhur-o- (neuter). door, from Old English duru, door (feminine, originally plural), and dor, door (neuter), respectively from Germanic *durunz and *duram.

2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-ns (accusative plural). farouche, foreign, vicar forane, from Latin fors, (toward) out of doors, outside.

3. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-ois (locative plural). forest; afforest, faubourg, foreclose, forfeit, from Latin fors, (being) out of doors.

4. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-o-. forensic, forum, from Latin forum, marketplace (originally the enclosed space around a home).

5. durbar, from Old Persian duvara-, door, gate.

6. Zero-grade form *dhur-. thyroid, from Greek thur, door.

(Pokorny dhr- 278.)

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